Method for Manufacturing Light-Emitting Element, Light-Emitting Element, Light-Emitting Device, Lighting Device, and Electronic Appliance

ABSTRACT

One object is to provide a light-emitting element which overcomes the problems of electrical characteristics and a light reflectivity have been solved. The light-emitting element is manufactured by forming a first electrode including aluminum and nickel over a substrate; by forming a layer including a composite material in which a metal oxide is contained in an organic compound so as to be in contact with the first electrode after heat treatment is performed with respect to the first electrode; by forming a light-emitting layer over the layer including a composite material; and by forming a second electrode which has a light-transmitting property over the light-emitting layer. Further, the first electrode is preferably formed to include the nickel equal to or greater than 0.1 atomic % and equal to or less than 4.0 atomic %.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

One embodiment of the invention relates to a light-emitting elementutilizing electroluminescence and a manufacturing method thereof.Further, one embodiment of the invention relates to a light-emittingdevice and a display device using the light-emitting element.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, research and development have been extensivelyconducted on light-emitting elements using electroluminescence. In abasic structure of such a light-emitting element, a layer containing asubstance having a light-emitting property is interposed between a pairof electrodes. By applying a voltage to this element, light emission canbe obtained from the substance having a light-emitting property.

Since the above light-emitting element is a self-luminous type, adisplay device using this light-emitting element has advantages such ashigh visibility, no necessity of a backlight, and the like. Further,such a light-emitting element also has advantages in that the elementcan be formed to be thin and lightweight and that response time is high.

Further, since a light-emitting element can be formed by stacking thinfilms, a display device using this light-emitting element can have alarge area. That is, a planar light source can be easily provided. Thefeature that a large area can be provided is difficult to realize withpoint light sources typified by a filament lamp and an LED or withlinear light sources typified by a fluorescent light. Therefore, suchlight-emitting elements also have a high utility value.

The light-emitting elements using electroluminescence are roughlyclassified in accordance with whether they include an organic compoundor an inorganic compound as a substance having a light-emittingproperty. When an organic compound is used as a substance having alight-emitting property, the emission mechanism is as follows.

First, a voltage is applied to a light-emitting element. This allowselectrons and holes to be injected from a pair of electrodes into alayer including a light-emitting organic compound. Accordingly, thelight-emitting organic compound is raised to an excited state. Then,recombining carriers (electrons and holes) emit light in transition fromthe excited state to the ground state.

Because of the above mechanism, such a light-emitting element is calleda current-excitation light-emitting element. Note that an excited stateof an organic compound can be of two types: a singlet excited state anda triplet excited state, and luminescence from the singlet excited state(S*) is referred to as fluorescence, and luminescence from the tripletexcited state (T*) is referred to as phosphorescence. Furthermore, it isthought that the ratio of S* to T* in a light-emitting element isstatistically 1:3.

A light-emitting element using an organic compound as a substance havinga light-emitting property has a lot of problems which depend onmaterials or element structure. In order to improve the elementcharacteristic, development of a novel material has been carried out andimprovement in an element structure has been considered.

For example, in the case where the above light-emitting element isapplied to an active matrix type display device, the light-emittingelement is formed over an element substrate provided with a transistorthat controls light emission and the like. However, there has been aproblem of decrease in aperture ratio caused by a wiring, a transistor,or the like in a structure where light emitted from a light-emittingelement is extracted to the outside through the element substrateprovided with a transistor and the like (bottom emission structure).

In order to solve this problem, a structure where light is extractedfrom the side opposite to an element substrate (a top emissionstructure) is proposed (see Patent Document 1, for example). By using atop emission structure, the aperture ratio can be increased and thelight quantity which is extracted can be increased.

Reference [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.2001-043980 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

When a top emission structure is applied, it is necessary for anelectrode formed over a substrate to have a function of reflectinglight.

Further, when the electrode is used as an anode, a material with a highwork function is preferably used in terms of electrical characteristics.At this point, in the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, the method inwhich a material selected from chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, andniobium is included in a portion of an anode which is in contact with anorganic layer is applied. However, since these materials are relativelyexpensive, when the electrode is formed using these materials, therearises a problem that manufacturing cost increases.

Further, these materials lack sufficient properties in a lightreflectivity. Thus, when an electrode using any of these materials isformed, there arises a problem that light extraction efficiencydecreases.

In view of the above problems, an object of one embodiment of theinvention disclosed in this specification and the like is to provide alight-emitting element which overcomes the problems of electricalcharacteristics and a light reflectivity have been solved. Further,another object is to provide a light-emitting device, a lighting deviceor the like using such a light-emitting element.

According to one embodiment of the invention disclosed in thisspecification and the like, an electrode including aluminum and nickelis formed and in contact with a layer including a composite material inwhich a metal oxide is contained in an organic compound, whereby ahole-injection property and a light reflectivity can be kept at highlevel. Details thereof are described below.

One embodiment of the present invention disclosed is a method formanufacturing a light-emitting element, including the steps of forming afirst electrode including aluminum and nickel over a substrate; forminga layer including a composite, material in which a metal oxide iscontained in an organic compound so as to be in contact with the firstelectrode after heat treatment is performed with respect to the firstelectrode; forming a light-emitting layer over the layer including acomposite material; and a second electrode which has alight-transmitting property over the light-emitting layer.

In the above, etching treatment is preferably performed with respect tothe first electrode, in addition to the heat treatment. Further, thefirst electrode is preferably formed to include the nickel equal to orgreater than 0.1 atomic % and equal to or less than 4.0 atomic %.Furthermore, an optically resonant structure is preferably provided byadjusting the light path length between the first electrode and thesecond electrode to be an integral multiple of the wavelength of lightemitted from a light-emitting layer.

Moreover, in the above, a layer including a substance having a highhole-injection property or a substance having a high hole-transportproperty is preferably formed between the layer including a compositematerial and the light-emitting layer. In addition, a layer including asubstance having a high electron-injection property or a substancehaving a substance a high electron-transport property is preferablyformed between the light-emitting layer and the second electrode.

Another embodiment of the invention disclosed is a light-emittingelement including a first electrode including aluminum and nickel isformed over a substrate; a layer including a composite material in whicha metal oxide is contained in an organic compound, which is contact withthe first electrode; a light-emitting layer over the layer including acomposite material; and a second electrode which has alight-transmitting property over the light-emitting layer.

In the above, in the first electrode, the nickel is preferablyprecipitated locally. Further, the first electrode is preferably formedto include the nickel equal to or greater than 0.1 atomic % and equal toor less than 4.0 atomic %. Furthermore, the first electrode haspreferably a light reflectivity of equal to or greater than 80% and lessthan 100% in the visible light region (in the wavelength of equal to orgreater than 400 nm and equal to or less than 800 nm). Moreover, anoptically resonant structure is preferably provided with the firstelectrode and the second electrode.

In the above, a layer including a substance having a high hole-injectionproperty or a substance having a high hole-transport property is formedbetween the layer including a composite material and the light-emittinglayer. In addition, a layer including a substance having a highelectron-injection property or a substance having a substance a highelectron-transport property is formed between the light-emitting layerand the second electrode.

Furthermore, a light-emitting device (a lighting device) or a variety ofelectronic appliances using the above light-emitting element can bemanufactured and provided.

Note that the term “light-emitting device” in this specification and thelike includes an image display device, a light source, and the like.Moreover, the light-emitting device includes a module in which aconnector (for example, FPC: Flexible Printed Circuit) is attached to apanel where a light-emitting element is formed.

According to one embodiment of the invention disclosed, an electrode isformed using a low cost material having an excellent reflectingproperty. As the layer which is in contact with the electrode, a layerwhich includes a composite material in which a metal oxide is containedin an organic compound is applied. This makes it possible to provide aninexpensive light-emitting element which has favorable characteristics.

That is, electrical characteristics (in particular, a hole-injectionproperty) and a light reflectivity can be kept at high level, wherebysufficient light extraction efficiency can be achieved and powerconsumption is reduced. Further, since an inexpensive material is used,cost for manufacturing the light-emitting element can be reduced.

Furthermore, by using such a light-emitting element, power consumptionof a light-emitting device (a lighting device) or a variety ofelectronic appliances is reduced and environmental load can be reduced.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a light-emitting element.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a light-emitting element.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an example of a light-emitting device.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an example of a light-emitting device.

FIGS. 5A to 5D each illustrate an example of an electronic appliance.

FIGS. 6A to 6C illustrate an example of an electronic appliance.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an electronic appliance.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a lighting device.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a lighting device.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a lighting device.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a structure of a light-emittingelement.

FIG. 12 shows an emission spectrum of a light-emitting element.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing current density-luminance characteristics ofa light-emitting element.

FIG. 14 is a graph showing voltage-luminance characteristics of alight-emitting element.

FIG. 15 is a graph showing luminance—current efficiency characteristicof a light-emitting element.

FIG. 16 is a graph showing voltage-current characteristics of alight-emitting element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments are described in detail using the drawings.Note that the present invention is not limited to the description in theembodiments and the example below, and it is apparent to those skilledin the art that modes and details can be modified in various wayswithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Astructure of the different embodiment can be implemented by combinationappropriately. Note that the same reference numerals refer to the sameportions or portions having similar functions throughout the structureof the present invention described below, and the description thereof isnot repeated.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, a light-emitting element which is one embodiment ofthe disclosed invention is described with reference to FIG. 1.

Structure of Light-Emitting Element

The light-emitting element shown in FIG. 1 includes a first electrode102, a second electrode 104, and an electroluminescence layer(hereinafter referred to as an EL layer 106) which is interposed betweenthe first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104. Here, the firstelectrode 102 may be used as an anode while the second electrode 104 isused as a cathode, or the first electrode 102 may be used as a cathodewhile the second electrode 104 is used as an anode. In this embodiment,the case where the first electrode 102 functions as an anode and thesecond electrode 104 functions as a cathode is described as an example.

Substrate

A substrate 100 functions as a supporting body of the light-emittingelement. For the substrate 100, a glass substrate, a plastic substrate,a metal substrate, or the like can be used, for example. Note thatmaterials other than glass, plastic, or metal can be used as long asthey can function as a support of the light-emitting element.

First Electrode

A first electrode 102 is an electrode that functions as an anode and asa reflective electrode. Here, an alloy containing aluminum is preferablyused as the first electrode 102. In particular, an alloy of aluminum andnickel (a conductive material including aluminum and nickel) ispreferably used. Since an alloy of aluminum is excellent in reflectingproperty of light, light extraction efficiency can be kept at high levelby using an alloy of aluminum for electrodes of the light-emittingelement. Further, in order to keep electric characteristics and areflecting property of light at high level, the first electrode 102preferably includes the nickel equal to or greater than 0.1 atomic % andequal to or less than 4.0 atomic %. In that case, with the wavelength ofequal to or greater than 400 nm and equal to or less than 800 nm, thereflectance of 80% or more is obtained.

It is more preferable that in the first electrode 102 including aluminumand nickel, the nickel be precipitated locally (in particular, in thevicinity of the surface of the first electrode 102 and the interfacebetween the first electrode 102 and an EL layer 106). This is becausegood electric connection between the EL layer 106 and the electrode canbe obtained and element characteristics can be improved by using theelectrode in which the nickel is precipitated locally.

The first electrode 102 can be formed by a sputtering method or a vacuumevaporation method, or the like. In particular, a sputtering method ispreferably used. In order for the first electrode 102 to have astructure in which the nickel is precipitated locally, heat treatment ispreferably performed after the first electrode 102 including aluminumand nickel is formed by a sputtering method, or the like. This isbecause the nickel in aluminum tends to be precipitated in the vicinityof a surface by heat treatment. The heat treatment is preferablyperformed at equal to or greater 150° C. and equal to or less than 350°C., typically at equal to or greater 200° C. and equal to or less than300° C. Further, there is no particular limitation on the timing of theheat treatment; however, in order to achieve favorable elementcharacteristics, the heat treatment is preferably performed before theEL layer 106 is formed.

In the case where the above-described heat treatment is performed beforethe EL layer 106 is formed, it is more preferable that etching treatmentbe performed on the surface of the first electrode 102 before the ELlayer 106 is formed. This is because the nickel is precipitated on thesurface by the etching treatment, whereby electric characteristics ofthe interface between the EL layer 106 and the first electrode 102 canbe improved. The above etching treatment can be performed by any methodas long as the nickel can be precipitated on the surface. As theetching, either dry etching or wet etching can be employed. Further, thetechnical significance of the above etching treatment is that the nickelis precipitated on the surface. Therefore, the surface treatment is notspecifically limited to the etching treatment, as long as the technicalsignificance can be realized. Specifically, for example, polishingtreatment such as CMP or the like may be performed. Further, in orderfor the nickel to be favorably precipitated on the surface, the etchingtreatment is preferably performed after the heat treatment. However, itis not necessarily limited to this timing.

Furthermore, when an insulating film (an oxide film, or the like) is notformed on the surface, for example, by performing a manufacturing stepof the first electrode 102 in a vacuum atmosphere, the above etchingtreatment may not be performed. This is because the nickel has alreadybeen precipitated on the surface.

Moreover, as another example of an aluminum alloy that can be used forthe electrode, there is an alloy of aluminum and titanium, or the like.However, when an alloy of aluminum and titanium is used, a problemarises in that electric characteristics (in particular, a hole-injectionproperty) are impaired by oxidation of aluminum. In order to solve thisproblem, for example, titanium or titanium oxide is stacked on thesurface of an alloy of aluminum and titanium, whereby oxidation ofaluminum can be prevented. However, since a reflecting property oftitanium or titanium oxide is not high, in this case, a problem arisesin that light extraction efficiency is decreased again. Accordingly,when an alloy of aluminum and titanium oxide is used, it is difficultthat both electric characteristics and a reflecting property are kept athigh level.

In this regard, by using an alloy of aluminum and nickel disclosed inthis embodiment, both electric characteristics and a reflecting propertycan be kept at high level. Therefore, the above material and structureare extremely preferable, as for a reflective electrode of thelight-emitting element.

EL Layer

The EL layer 106 described in this embodiment has at least a layer 110including a composite material which is formed in contact with the firstelectrode 102 and a light-emitting layer 114. The EL layer 106 is formedso that the first electrode 102 is in contact with the layer 110including a composite material, whereby hole injection to the EL layeris facilitated and electrical characteristics of the light-emittingelement can be greatly improved. Here, the nickel in the first electrode102 can be diffused into the EL layer 106 (in particular, the layer 110including a composite material), depending on a manufacturing conditionof the EL layer 106 (in particular, the layer 110 including a compositematerial). Thus, when the nickel in the first electrode 102 is diffused,more preferable electrical characteristics can be realized. As diffusiontreatment of the nickel, for example, plasma treatment of the firstelectrode 102 and the layer 110 including a composite material or heattreatment can be given.

Further, in the structure shown in FIG. 1, the EL layer 106 has thelayer 110 including a composite material, a hole-transport layer 112, alight-emitting layer 114, an electron-transport layer 116, and anelectron-injection layer 118. For the components other than the layer110 including a composite material and the light-emitting layer 114,omissions, changes, additions, or the like may be made as appropriate.In other words, the stacked-layer structure of the EL layer 106 isformed in such a way that a light-emitting layer and a layer including acomposite material are combined with layers including a substance havinga high electron-transport property, a substance having a highhole-transport property, a substance having a high electron-injectionproperty, a substance having a high hole-injection property, a substancehaving a bipolar property (a high electron-transport property and a highhole-transport property), or the like, as appropriate.

Furthermore, when a micro-cavity (micro resonator) structure is applied,color purity can be improved. In this case, it is necessary for thelight path length between the first electrode 102 and the, secondelectrode 104 to be about an integral multiple of the wavelength oflight emitted from the light-emitting layer (or the wavelength of lightwhich is desired to be extracted). Specifically, the thickness of the ELlayer is set in accordance with the light path length. Note that theabove description “integral multiple” is not limited to strict integralmultiple. For example, a difference of about 10% is within the allowedmargin of error. Furthermore, “the wavelength of light emitted from thelight-emitting layer” may be wavelength in the range included in theemission spectrum. That is, “integral multiple of the wavelength oflight emitted from the light-emitting layer” means approximate integralmultiple of the wavelength in the range included in the emissionspectrum.

Various methods can be used for forming the EL layer 106 regardless of adry method or a wet method. For example, a vacuum evaporation method, aninkjet method, a spin coating method, or the like may be used. Asdescribed above, the EL layer 106 is formed with a stacked structure ofthe layer including a composite material, the hole-transport layer, thelight-emitting layer, the electron-transport layer, theelectron-injection layer (a buffer layer), and the like, and theselayers are formed using a common deposition method, so thatsimplification of a process or the like can be performed.

Specific materials for forming each of the above layers are given below.

EL Layer—a Layer Including a Composite Material

The layer 110 including a composite material is a layer including acomposite material in which an acceptor substance is contained in anorganic compound having a high hole-transport property. By using such acomposite material, an excellent hole-injection property from the firstelectrode 102 can be obtained. The layer 110 including a compositematerial can be formed by co-evaporation of a substance having a highhole-transport property and an acceptor substance, for example.

Note that in this specification or the like, the word “composite” meansa state in which a plurality of materials are mixed and charges can betransferred between the materials.

There is no particular limitation on a substance of the organic compoundused for the composite materials as long as the substance has ahole-transport property higher than an electron-transport property. Asthe organic compound, various compounds such as an aromatic aminecompound, a carbazole derivative, an aromatic hydrocarbon, a highmolecular compound (an oligomer, a dendrimer, a polymer), or the likecan be used. Note that an organic compound used for the compositematerial preferably has a high hole-transport property. Specifically, asubstance with a hole mobility of 10⁻⁶ cm²/Vs or more is preferablyused. The organic compounds which can be used for the composite materialwill be specifically shown below.

As the organic compound used for the composite material, aromatic aminecompounds such as 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine(abbreviation: TDATA),4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine(abbreviation: MTDATA),4,4′-bis[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation:DPAB), N,N′-bis[4-[bis(3-methylphenyl)amino]phenyl]-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(abbreviation: DNTPD),1,3,5-tris[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]benzene(abbreviation: DPA3B),9-phenyl-3-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation:PCzPA), 3-[N-(9-phenylcarbazole-3-yl)-N-phenylamino]-9-phenylcarbazole(abbreviation: PCzPCA1),3,6-bis[N-(9-phenylcarbazole-3-yl)-N-phenylamino]-9-phenylcarbazole(abbreviation: PCzPCA2),3-[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(9-phenylcarbazol-3-yl)amino]-9-phenylcarbazole(abbreviation: PCzPCN1), 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphtyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl(abbreviation: NPB),N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(abbreviation: TPD); carbazole derivatives such as4,4′-di(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl (abbreviation: CBP),1,3,5-tris[4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl]benzene (abbreviation: TCPB),9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation: CzPA),1,4-bis[4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl]-2,3,5,6-tetraphenylbenzene; and aromatichydrocarbon compounds such as 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene(abbreviation: t-BuDNA), 2-tent-butyl-9,10-di(1-naphthyl)anthracene,9,10-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DPPA),2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis(4-phenylphenyl)anthracene (abbreviation: t-BuDBA),9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DNA),9,10-diphenylanthracene (abbreviation: DPAnth), 2-tert-butylanthracene(abbreviation: t-BuAnth), 9,10-bis(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)anthracene(abbreviation: DMNA),9,10-bis[2-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-2-tert-butyl-anthracene,9,10-bis[2-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]anthracene,2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-9,10-di(1-naphthyl)anthracene,2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene, 9,9′-bianthryl,10,10′-diphenyl-9,9′-bianthryl,10,10′-bis(2-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bianthryl,10,10′-bis[(2,3,4,5,6-pentaphenyl)phenyl]-9,9′-bianthryl, anthracene,tetracene, rubrene, perylene, 2,5,8,11-tetra(tert-butyl)perylene,pentacene, coronene, 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)biphenyl (abbreviation:DPVBi), 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)phenyl]anthracene (abbreviation:DPVPA) are given. Furthermore, high molecular compounds (oligomers,dendrimers, polymers, and the like) such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole)(abbreviation: PVK), poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine) (abbreviation: PVTPA),poly[N-(4-{N′-[4-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl]phenyl-N′-phenylamino}phenyl)methacrylamide](abbreviation: PTPDMA),poly[N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (abbreviation:Poly-TPD), can be used.

As the acceptor substance used for the composite material, organiccompounds such as 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane(abbreviation: F₄-TCNQ) and chloranil, and a transition metal oxide canbe given. In particular, an oxide of a metal belonging to Groups 4 to 8in the periodic table is preferably used. Specifically, vanadium oxide,niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide,tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, and rhenium oxide having highelectron-accepting properties, and the like are preferable. Among them,molybdenum oxide is particularly preferable because it is stable underair, has a low moisture absorption property, and is easily handled.

EL Layer—Hole-Transport Layer

The hole-transport layer 112 is a layer that contains a substance with ahigh hole-transport property. As the substance having a highhole-transport property, for example, aromatic amine compounds such asNPB, TPD, 4,4′-bis[N-(9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl(abbreviation: DFLDPBi), or4,4′-bis[N-(spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-yl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl(abbreviation: BSPB) can be used. The substances described here aremainly substances having a hole mobility of 10⁻⁶ cm²/Vs or higher.However, there is no particular limitation on the substances as long asthe substance has a hole-transport property higher than anelectron-transport property. Note that the hole-transport layer 112 isnot limited to a single layer and may have a stacked structure of two ormore layers.

For the hole-transport layer 112, a high molecular compound such as PVK,PVTPA, PTPDMA, or Poly-TPD can be used alternatively.

Furthermore, for the hole-transport layer 112, a composite material inwhich an acceptor substance is contained in the above-mentionedsubstance having a high hole-transport property can be used.

Alternatively, the hole-transport property may be adjusted by adding anorganic compound having a hole-trapping property, a substance having ahigh electron-transport property, or a hole-blocking material to thehole-transport layer 112. The organic compound having a hole-trappingproperty preferably has an ionization potential lower than a substancehaving a high hole-transport property which is included in thehole-transport layer 112 by 0.3 eV or higher. In addition, as thesubstance having a high electron-transport property, the later-givensubstance that can be used for the electron-transport layer 116 or thelike can be used. Further, for the hole-blocking material, a materialhaving an ionization potential of 5.8 eV or higher, or a material havingan ionization potential higher than a substance having a highhole-transport property which is included in the hole-transport layer by0.5 eV or higher is preferably used. Note that the organic compoundhaving a hole-trapping property or the substance having a highelectron-transport property, which is added, may emit light; however,the color of such a substance is preferably similar to emission color ofthe light-emitting layer 114 in view of keeping excellent color purity.

EL Layer—Light-Emitting Layer

The light-emitting layer 114 is a layer containing a substance having ahigh light-emitting property, and can be formed using various materials.As the substance having a high light-emitting property, a fluorescentcompound which emits fluorescence or a phosphorescent compound whichemits phosphorescence can be used, for example. Since a phosphorescentcompound has high emission efficiency, in the case where it is used forthe light-emitting layer 114, an advantage of lower power consumptionand the like can be obtained.

Examples of the phosphorescent compound that can be used for thelight-emitting layer 114 are given below. As a material for blue lightemission,bis[2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C^(2′)]iridium(III)tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)borate(abbreviation: FIr6),bis[2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C^(2′)]iridium(III)picolinate(abbreviation: FIrpic),bis[2-(3′,5′-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridinato-N,C^(2′)]iridium(III)picolinate(abbreviation: Ir(CF₃ppy)₂(pic)),bis[2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C^(2′)]iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: FIracac), and the like are given. As a material for greenlight emission, tris(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III)(abbreviation: Ir(ppy)₃),bis[2-phenylpyridinato-N,C^(2′)]iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(ppy)₂(acac)),bis(1,2-diphenyl-1H-benzimidazolato)iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(pbi)₂(acac)),bis(benzo[h]quinolinato)iridium(III)acetylacetonate (abbreviation:Ir(bzq)₂(acac)), or the like can be given. As a material for yellowlight emission,bis(2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(dpo)₂(acac)),bis[2-(4′-perfluorophenylphenyl)pyridinato]iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(p-PF-ph)₂(acac)),bis(2-phenylbenzothiazolato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(bt)₂(acac)), or the like can be given. As a materialfor orange light emission,tris(2-phenylquinolinato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III) (abbreviation: Ir(pq)₃),bis(2-phenylquinolinato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(pq)₂(acac)), or the like can be given. As a material,for red light emission, an organometallic complex such as bis[2-(2′-benzo[4,5-α]thienyl)pyridinato-N,C^(3′)]iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(btp)₂(acac)),bis(1-phenylisoquinolinato-N,C^(2′))iridium(III)acetylacetonate(abbreviation: Ir(piq)₂(acac)),(acetylacetonato)bis[2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxalinato]iridium(III)(abbreviation: Ir(Fdpq)₂(acac)),2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphyrinatoplatinum(II)(abbreviation: PtOEP), or the like can be given. In addition, a rareearth metal complex such astris(acetylacetonato)(monophenanthroline)terbium(III) (abbreviation:Tb(acac)₃(Phen)),tris(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato)(monophenanthroline)europium(III)(abbreviation: Eu(DBM)₃(Phen)), ortris[1-(2-thenoyl)-3,3,3-trifluoroacetonato](monophenanthroline)europium(III)(abbreviation: Eu(TTA)₃(Phen)) can get light emission (electrontransition between different multiplicities) from a rare earth metalion; therefore, such a rare earth metal complex can be used as aphosphorescent compound.

Examples of the fluorescent compound that can be used for thelight-emitting layer 114 are given below. As a material for blue lightemission,4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine(abbreviation: PCBAPA),N,N′-bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-N,N′-diphenylstilbene-4,4′-diamine(abbreviation: YGA2S),4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-4′-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)triphenylamine(abbreviation: YGAPA), and the like can be given. As a material forgreen light emission,N-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: 2PCAPA),N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: 2PCABPhA),N-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,N,′,N′-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine(abbreviation: 2DPAPA),N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,N′,N′-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine(abbreviation: 2DPABPhA),N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)]-N-[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-N-phenylanthracen-2-amine(abbreviation: 2YGABPhA), N,N,9-triphenylanthracen-9-amine(abbreviation: DPhAPhA), and the like can be given. As a material foryellow light emission, rubrene,5,12-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-6,11-diphenyltetracene (abbreviation: BPT),and the like can be given. As a material for red light emission,N,N,N′,N′tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)tetracene-5,11-diamine (abbreviation:p-mPhTD),7,14-diphenyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)acenaphtho[1,2-α]fluoranthene-3,10-diamine(abbreviation: p-mPhAFD),2-(2-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl}-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)propanedinitrile(abbreviation: DCM1),2-{2-methyl-6-[2-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-9-yl)ethenyl]-4H-pyran-4-ylidene}propanedinitrile(abbreviation: DCM2), and the like can be given.

Note that the light-emitting layer 114 may have a structure in which asubstance having a high light-emitting property (guest material) isdispersed into another substance (host material). A light-emittingsubstance (host material) can be dispersed in various kinds ofsubstances, and it is preferably dispersed in a substance that has alowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level higher than that of thelight-emitting substance and has a highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) level lower than that of the light-emitting substance.

As the substance in which the substance having a light-emitting propertyis dispersed, a metal complex such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)(abbreviation: Alq), tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)(abbreviation: Almq₃), bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II)(abbreviation: BeBq₂),bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)aluminum(III)(abbreviation: BAlq), bis(8-quinolinolato)zinc(II) (abbreviation: Znq),bis[2-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnPBO), orbis[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnBTZ); aheterocyclic compound such as2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation:PBD), 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene(abbreviation: OXD-7),3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole(abbreviation: TAZ),2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole)(abbreviation: TPBI), bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen), orbathocuproine (BCP); a condensed aromatic compound such as9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation: CzPA),3,6-diphenyl-9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole(abbreviation: DPCzPA), 9,10-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)anthracene(abbreviation: DPPA), 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DNA),2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: t-BuDNA),9,9′-bianthryl (abbreviation: BANT),9,9′-(stilbene-3,3′-diyl)diphenanthrene (abbreviation: DPNS),9,9′-(stilbene-4,4′-diyl)diphenanthrene (abbreviation: DPNS2),3,3′,3″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tripyrene (abbreviation: TPB3),9,10-diphenylanthracene (abbreviation: DPAnth), or6,12-dimethoxy-5,11-diphenylchrysene; an aromatic amine compound such asN,N-dipheyl-9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: CzAlPA), 4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)triphenylamine(abbreviation: DPhPA),N,9-diphenyl-N-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: PCAPA),N,9-diphenyl-N-{4-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]phenyl}-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: PCAPBA),N-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine(abbreviation: 2PCAPA), NPB, TPD, DFLDPBi, or BSPB; or the like can beused.

As the substance in which the light-emitting substance is dispersed, aplurality of kinds of substances may be used. For example, a substancewhich suppresses crystallization, such as rubrene, can be added to thesubstance in which the light-emitting substance is dispersed. In orderto effectively perform energy transfer to the light-emitting substance,NPB or Alq, or the like can be added.

Thus, with a structure in which a substance having a high light-emittingproperty is dispersed in another substance, crystallization of thelight-emitting layer 114 can be suppressed. Further, concentrationquenching due to high concentration of the substance having a highlight-emitting property can be suppressed.

A high molecular compound can be also used for the light-emitting layer114. For example, as a material for blue light emission,poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (abbreviation: POF),poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,5-dimethoxybenzene-1,4-diyl)](abbreviation: PF-DMOP),poly{(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-[N,N′-di-(p-butylphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene]}(abbreviation: TAB-PFH), or the like can be given. As a light-emittingmaterial for green light emission, poly(p-phenylenvinylene)(abbreviation: PPV),poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-4,7-diyl)](abbreviation: PFBT),poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenfluorenylene)-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)],or the like can be given. Furthermore, as materials for orange to redlight emission, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene](abbreviation: MEH-PPV), poly(3-butylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (abbreviation:R4-PAT),poly{[9,9-dihexyl-2,7-bis(1-cyanovinylene)fluorenylene][2,5-bis(N,N′-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene]},poly{[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-bis(1-cyanovinylenephenylene)]-alt-co-[2,5-bis(N,N′-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene]}(abbreviation: CN-PPV-DPD), and the like can be given.

Further, the light-emitting layer 114 is not limited to a single layerbut may be a stack of two or more layers including any of theabove-described substances.

EL Layer—Electron-Transport Layer

The electron-transport layer 116 is a layer containing a substance witha high electron-transport property. As the substance having a highelectron-transport property, metal complexes such astris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Alq),tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Almq₃),bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II) (abbreviation: BeBq₂),bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)aluminum(III)(abbreviation: BAlq), bis(8-quinolinolato)zinc(II) (abbreviation: Znq),bis[2-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnPBO),bis[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnBTZ), andthe like can be given. Furthermore, besides the above metal complexes,heterocyclic compounds such as2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation:PBD), 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene(abbreviation: OXD-7),3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole(abbreviation: TAZ01), bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen), andbathocuproine (abbreviation: BCP) can be used. The substances describedhere are mainly substances having an electron mobility of 10⁻⁶ cm²/Vs orhigher. However, there is no particular limitation on the substances aslong as the substance has an electron-transport property higher than ahole-transport property. Note that the electron-transport layer 116 isnot limited to a single layer and may be have a stacked layer of two ormore layers.

For the electron-transport layer 116, a high molecular compound can beused. For example,poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)](abbreviation: PF-Py),poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)](abbreviation: PF-BPy), or the like can be used.

Further, by addition of an organic compound having an electron-trappingproperty or a substance having a high hole-transport property to theelectron-transport layer 116, the electron-transport property may becontrolled. As the organic compound having an electron-trappingproperty, an organic compound having an electron affinity larger thanthe substance having a high electron-transport property which isincluded in the electron-transport layer 116 by 0.30 eV or higher ispreferably used. In addition, as the substance having a highhole-transport property, substances that can be used for thehole-transport layer 112 and the like can be used. Note that the organiccompound having an electron-trapping property and the substance having ahigh hole-transport property, which are added may emit light; however,the color of which is preferably similar to one of the emission light ofthe light-emitting layer 114 in view of keeping excellent color purity.

EL Layer—Electron-Injection Layer

The electron-injection layer 118 (also referred to as a buffer layer) isa layer including a substance having a high electron-injection property.As the substance having a high electron-injection property, any of thefollowing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, orcompounds thereof can be used: lithium (Li), cesium (Cs), magnesium(Mg), calcium (Ca), ytterbium (Yb), lithium fluoride (LiF), calciumfluoride (CaF₂), cesium fluoride (CsF), magnesium fluoride (MgF₂),lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃), lithium oxide(Li₂O), erbium fluoride (ErF₃), lithium acetylacetonate (abbreviation:Li(acac)), 8-quinolinolato-lithium (abbreviation: Liq), and the like. Inparticular, it is preferable to use a lithium compound such as lithiumfluoride (LiF), lithium oxide (Li₂O), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃),lithium acetylacetonate (abbreviated to Li(acac)), or8-quinolinolato-lithium (abbreviated to Liq) because of their excellentelectron-injection properties.

Further, the electron-injection layer 118 may be formed by adding adonor substance to a layer including a substance having anelectron-transport property. As the donor substance, an alkali metal, analkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or a compound thereof can begiven. For example, a layer of Alq which includes magnesium (Mg), alayer of Alq which includes magnesium (Li), or the like can be used.

Further, the electron-injection layer 118 is not limited to a singlelayer but may be a stack of two or more layers including any of theabove-described substances.

Second Electrode

The second electrode 104 is an electrode that functions as a cathode andhas a light-transmitting property. For example, in order to effectivelyextract light generated in the light-emitting layer to the outside, thesecond electrode 104 preferably has a transmissivity of 30% or more withrespect to light in the visible light region (in the wavelength of equalto or greater than 400 nm and equal to or less than 800 nm). Further,when a micro-cavity (micro resonator) structure is applied, the secondelectrode 104 preferably has a transmissivity of 30 to 80% and areflectivity of 30 to 60%. Note that the total of the transmissivity andthe reflectivity does not exceed 100%.

As the second electrode 104, a variety of materials (for example,metals, alloys, electrically conductive compounds, a mixture thereof, orthe like) can be used. For example, it is possible to use alight-transmitting conductive oxide material such as indium oxide-tinoxide (ITO: indium tin oxide), indium oxide-tin oxide which containssilicon or silicon oxide, indium oxide-zinc oxide (IZO: indium zincoxide), or indium oxide which contains tungsten oxide and zinc oxide.When these light-transmitting conductive oxide materials are used, thesecond electrode 104 is preferably formed to have a thickness about 70nm to 100 nm in consideration of the transmissivity in the visible lightregion and the conductivity. Note that such a conductive oxide isgenerally deposited by a sputtering method, but may also be formed by aninkjet method, a spin coating method, or the like by application of asol-gel method or the like. When a sputtering method is used, forexample, indium oxide and zinc oxide (IZO) can be formed using indiumoxide to which zinc oxide is added at 1 to 20 wt % as a target. Inaddition, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide can beformed by a sputtering method using a target in which tungsten oxide iscontained at 0.5 to 5 wt % and zinc oxide is contained at 0.1 to 1 wt %in indium oxide. Besides, gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni),tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co),copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), titanium (Ti), nitride of these metalmaterials (for example, titanium nitride), and the like may be used.Alternatively, a material having a low work function (equal to or lessthan 3.8 eV) of a metal, an alloy or the like may be used. For example,aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), an aluminum alloy (AlSi), or the like can beused. Moreover, any of the following materials can be used: elementsthat belong to Group 1 or Group 2 of the periodic table, that is, alkalimetals such as lithium (Li) and cesium (Cs) or alkaline-earth metalssuch as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr), or alloysthereof (e.g., magnesium-silver alloy (Mg—Ag) and aluminum-lithium alloy(Al—Li)); rare earth metals such as europium (Eu) or ytterbium (Yb), oralloys thereof; or the like. As a manufacturing method thereof, a vacuumevaporation method, a sputtering method, an ink-jet method, or the likemay be used. When these metal materials are used, the second electrode104 is preferably formed to have a thickness about 5 nm to 20 nm inconsideration of a balance of the transmissivity and the conductivity.

Among the above-described materials, silver (Ag) can increase extractionefficiency of emitted light. Yet, since Ag has difficulty in injectingelectrons to the EL layer, in the case of using AG, the buffer layer ispreferably provided to have a structure where a donor substance is addedto a layer including a substance having an electron-transport property.At the same time, in terms of mass productivity, it is preferable to usea buffer layer having a structure where no donor substance is added, notthe structure in which a donor substance is added. Even in the structurewhere a donor substance (e.g., a lithium compound such as lithiumfluoride) is not added as the buffer layer, magnesium-silver alloy(Mg—Ag), which is an alloy including silver, can smoothly injectelectrons to the EL layer and has good conductivity. Therefore,magnesium-silver alloy is preferably used as the second electrode 104.When the magnesium-silver alloy that includes magnesium in large amountsis used, the amount of light absorbed by Mg is increased, so thatextraction of emitted light is less efficient. Therefore, the volumeratio of silver to magnesium in a magnesium-silver alloy is preferably8:2 (=Ag:Mg) or higher.

Note that the second electrode 104 is not limited to a single layer butmay be a stack of two or more layers containing the above-describedsubstances. For example, the second electrode 104 may have a structurein which, over the thin film of the above-described alkali metal,alkaline earth metal, or alloy thereof, a film of a light-transmittingconductive oxide such as indium oxide-tin oxide (ITO), indium oxide-tinoxide which contains silicon or silicon oxide, indium oxide-zinc oxide(IZO), or indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide isstacked.

As described above, the first electrode including aluminum and nickel isused in the light-emitting element described in this embodiment, wherebythe reflecting property of the first electrode is increased so as toimprove light extraction efficiency. In addition, the electriccharacteristics of the interface between the first electrode and the ELlayer is improved to reduce driving voltage. That is, according to oneembodiment of the invention disclosed, the light-emitting element withelectric characteristics (low power consumption) and an excellentreflecting property (high emission efficiency) maintained at high levelscan be achieved. Furthermore, use of aluminum and nickel which isrelatively inexpensive, which leads to reduction in manufacturing cost.

Further, the light-emitting element described in this embodiment has aso-called top-emission structure and high emission efficiency.Therefore, by employing the top-emission structure and the structure ofthe above first electrode, a light-emitting element with high emissionefficiency can be provided.

Furthermore, a variety of light-emitting devices, lighting devices, andthe like can be manufactured by using the above light-emitting element.Thus, light-emitting devices and lighting devices with high performancecan be provided while a production cost is suppressed.

Further, by including a material that can be used in a process ofmanufacturing element substrate having a transistor and the like, thefirst electrode described in this embodiment is highly suitable for usein a process of manufacturing an element substrate. Therefore, it isvery effective when one embodiment of the disclosed invention is appliedto an active matrix type light-emitting device.

Embodiment 2

In Embodiment 2, an example of a light-emitting element in which aplurality of light-emitting units are stacked (hereinafter thislight-emitting element is referred to as a stacked-type light-emittingelement) will be described with reference to FIG. 2.

Structure of Light-Emitting Element

The light-emitting element shown in FIG. 2 has a first electrode 202, asecond electrode 204, a first EL layer 206 a and a second EL layer 206 bwhich are interposed between the first electrode 202 and the secondelectrode 204, and a charge generation layer 208 which is interposedbetween the first EL layer 206 a and the second EL layer 206 b. Here,the structures of the first electrode 202 and the second electrode 204are similar to those of the first electrode 102 and the second electrode104 described in Embodiment 1. Further, the structures of the first ELlayer 206 a and the second EL layer 206 b are similar to that of the ELlayer 106 described in the above embodiment. Note that the first ELlayer 206 a and the second EL layer 206 b may have either the samestructure or different structures.

The charge-generation layer 208 has a function of injecting electronsinto one of the EL layers and injecting holes into the other of the ELlayers when voltage is applied between the first electrode 202 and thesecond electrode 204. Note that the charge generation layer 208 may havea single-layer structure or a stacked structure. In the case of astacked structure, for example, a structure in which a layer having afunction of injecting electrons and a layer having a function ofinjecting holes are stacked can be employed. In addition, a layerincluded in the EL layer may also serve as the charge generation layer208.

As the hole-injection layer, a layer formed from a semiconductor or aninsulator, such as molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, rhenium oxide, orruthenium oxide, can be used. Alternatively, a layer formed from amaterial of a substance having a high hole-transport property to whichan acceptor substance is added may be used. The layer including asubstance having a high hole-transport property and an acceptorsubstance is formed with the composite material described in the aboveembodiment and includes, as an acceptor substance,7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane (abbreviation:F₄-TCNQ) or metal oxide such as vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, ortungsten oxide. As the substance having a high hole-transport property,various compounds such as an aromatic amine compound, a carbazolederivative, aromatic hydrocarbon, and a high molecular compound (such asan oligomer, a dendrimer, or a polymer) can be used. In addition,although a substance having an hole mobility of 10⁻⁶ cm²/Vs or higher ispreferably used for the substance having a high hole-transport property,other substances may also be used as long as they have a higherhole-transport property than an electron-transport property. Thecomposite material including the substance having a high hole-transportproperty and the acceptor substance is excellent in a carrier-injectionproperty and a carrier-transport property. Therefore, by using thecomposite material, low-voltage driving and low-current driving can berealized.

As the layer that injects electrons, a layer formed from a semiconductoror an insulator, such as lithium oxide, lithium fluoride, or cesiumcarbonate, can be used. Alternatively, a layer formed from a material ofa substance having a high electron-transport property to which a donorsubstance is added can be used. As the donor substance, an alkali metal,an alkaline-earth metal, a rare earth metal, a metal belonging to Group13 of the periodic table, an oxide or carbonate of any of these, or thelike can be used. For example, lithium (Li), cesium (Cs), magnesium(Mg), calcium (Ca), ytterbium (Yb), indium (In), lithium oxide, cesiumcarbonate, or the like is preferably used. Alternatively, an organiccompound such as tetrathianaphthacene may be used as the donorsubstance. As the substance having a high electron-transport property,the materials described in the above embodiment can be used. Inaddition, as the substance having a high electron-transport property,although a substance having an electron mobility of 10⁻⁶ cm²/Vs orhigher is preferably used, although other substances may also be used aslong as they have a higher electron-transport property than ahole-transport property. The composite material including the substancehaving a high electron-transport property and the donor substance isexcellent in a carrier-injection property and a carrier-transportproperty. Therefore, by using the composite material, low-voltagedriving and low-current driving can be realized.

Further, the electrode materials described in the above embodiment canbe used for the charge-generating layer 208. For example, thecharge-generating layer 208 may be formed by combining a layer includinga substance having a high hole-transport property and a metal oxide witha transparent conductive film. Note that a layer having a highlight-transmitting property is preferably used as the charge-generatinglayer 208 in terms of light extraction efficiency.

Although the light-emitting element having two EL layers has beendescribed in this embodiment, the present invention can be similarlyapplied to a light-emitting element in which three or more EL layers arestacked. In that case, it is preferable that a plurality of EL layers beconnected to each other with a charge generation layer therebetween. Byproviding a charge generation layer between EL layers, luminance can beimproved while low current density is kept, and the lifetime of theelement can be prolonged.

Further, by forming the EL layers to emit light of different colors, anemission color that is provided by the light-emitting element as a wholecan be controlled. For example, in the light-emitting element having twoEL layers, an emission color of the first EL layer and an emission colorof the second EL layer are made to be complementary colors, whereby thelight-emitting element as a whole can produce white emission. Here, thecomplementary colors refer to colors that can produce an achromaticcolor when they are mixed. Further, the same can be applied to alight-emitting element having three EL layers. For example, thelight-emitting element as a whole can provide white light emission whenthe emission color of the first EL layer is red, the emission color ofthe second EL layer is green, and the emission color of the third ELlayer is blue.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with theother embodiments.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, an example of a light-emitting device that has alight-emitting element is described with reference to drawings.

First, an example of an active-matrix light-emitting device is describedwith reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3A is a top view of thelight-emitting device, and FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken alonglines A-A′ and B-B′ of FIG. 3A. The light-emitting device includes anelement substrate 310 and a driver circuit portion (a source side drivercircuit) 301, a pixel portion 302, a driver circuit portion (a gate sidedriver circuit) 303, and the like, over the element substrate 310. Afiller is filled in a region 307 surrounded by the element substrate310, a sealing substrate 304 and a sealing material 305. As a filler, aninert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) or a sealing material is used.

A lead wiring 308 is connected to the driver circuit portion 301 and thedriver circuit portion 303. Note that the lead wiring 308 is a wiringfor transmitting signals that are to be inputted to the driver circuitportion, and receives a video signal, a clock signal, a start signal, areset signal, and the like through an FPC 309 (flexible printedcircuit). Although only the FPC 309 is illustrated, a printed wiringboard (PWB) may be attached to the FPC. Note that the light-emittingdevice in this specification and the like includes a light-emittingdevice to which an FPC or a PWB is attached.

Note that, in the driver circuit portion 301 of the source side drivercircuit, a CMOS circuit which is obtained by combining an n-channel TFT323 and a p-channel TFT 324 is formed. Here, typically, the drivercircuit portion 301 and the CMOS circuit are shown; however, it isneedless to say that a PMOS circuit, an NMOS circuit, or other circuitswhich are necessary can be formed.

The pixel portion 302 includes a switching TFT 311, a currentcontrolling TFT 312, and a first electrode 313 electrically connected toa drain of the current controlling TFT 312. Although only one pixel istypically shown here, the pixel portion 302 includes a plurality ofpixels. An insulator 314 is formed to cover an end portion of the firstelectrode 313. The insulator 314 can be formed by using either amaterial of a negative type which becomes insoluble in an etchant bylight irradiation or a material of a positive type which becomes solublein an etchant by light irradiation. For example, the insulator 314 canbe formed by using a positive photosensitive acrylic resin.

An upper edge portion or a lower edge portion of the insulator 314 haspreferably a curved surface. Thus, step coverage can be improved. Forexample, when a positive type photosensitive acrylic is used as amaterial for the insulator 314, the upper edge portion thereof ispreferably formed as a curved surface having a curvature radius of about0.2 μm to 3 μm.

Over the first electrode 313, an EL layer 316 and a second electrode 317are formed. A light-emitting element 318 has the first electrode 313,the EL layer 316 and the second electrode 317. The structures describedin the above embodiments can be applied to the first electrode 313, theEL layer 316, and the second electrode 317.

The EL layer 316 can be formed by any of a variety of methods such as anevaporation method, an ink-jet method or a spin coating method. Further,the structures described in the above embodiments can be applied to theEL layer 316. The EL layer 316 is not limited to use an organicmaterial, and may be use an inorganic material.

Note that it is preferable to use an epoxy resin for the sealingmaterial 305. Furthermore, it is preferable to use a material thatallows permeation of moisture or oxygen as little as possible. As thesealing substrate 304, a plastic substrate formed of FRP(Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics), PVF (polyvinyl fluoride), polyester,acrylic, or the like can be used besides a glass substrate or a quartzsubstrate.

In addition, although this embodiment shows the structure of a drivercircuit-integrated type, a driver circuit may be separately formed andbe electrically connected to each other.

Although an active matrix light-emitting device is shown in FIGS. 3A to3B, a passive matrix light-emitting device can be manufactured. FIGS. 4Aand 4B illustrate an example of a passive matrix light-emitting device.Note that FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the light-emitting device,and FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line X-Y in FIG. 4A.

In FIGS. 4A and 4B, an electrode 452, an EL layer 455 and an electrode456 are provided over a substrate 451. The EL layer 455 is providedbetween the electrode 452 and the electrode 456. Edge portions of theelectrode 452 are covered with an insulating layer 453. In addition, apartition layer 454 is provided over the insulating layer 453.

Sidewalls of the partition layer 454 have a slant such that a distancebetween one sidewall and the other sidewall becomes narrower as thesidewalls gets closer to a surface of the substrate. In other words, across section taken along a line X-Y of the partition layer 454 istrapezoidal, and the lower base (a side which is in contact with theinsulating layer 453) is shorter than an upper base (a side which facesthe lower base and is not in contact with the insulating layer 453). Byproviding the partition layer 454 in this manner, the patterns of the ELlayer 455 and the electrode 456 can be formed.

The above described active matrix light-emitting device or a passivematrix light-emitting device has the light-emitting element described inany of the above embodiments. Therefore, a light-emitting device withlow power consumption and excellent characteristics can be achieved atlow cost.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with theother embodiments.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, examples of electronic appliances which include, asa part thereof, the light-emitting element or the light-emitting devicedescribed in any of the above embodiments are described.

As an electronic appliance using the light-emitting element or thelight-emitting device according to one embodiment of the presentinvention disclosed, a camera, a goggle type display, a navigationsystem, an audio reproducing device, a computer, a game machine, aportable information terminal, an image reproducing device, and the likeare given. Specific examples of such electronic devices are illustratedin FIGS. 5A to 5D.

FIG. 5A illustrates a television device, which includes a housing 501, asupporting stand 502, a display portion 503, speaker portions 504, avideo input terminal 505, and the like. The display portion 503 of thistelevision device includes the light-emitting device in which thelight-emitting elements described in any of the above embodiments arearranged in matrix. According to one embodiment of the present inventiondisclosed, a television device having the light-emitting device withhigh emission efficiency and low power consumption is provided.

FIG. 5B illustrates a computer which includes a main body 511, a housing512, a display portion 513, a keyboard 514, an external connection port515, a pointing device 516, and the like. The display portion 513 ofthis computer includes the light-emitting device in which thelight-emitting elements described in any of the above embodiments arearranged in matrix. According to one embodiment of the present inventiondisclosed, a computer having the light-emitting device with highemission efficiency and low power consumption is provided.

FIG. 5C illustrates a camera which includes a main body 521, a housing522, a display portion 523, an external connection port 524, a remotecontrol receiving portion 525, an image receiving portion 526, a battery527, an audio input portion 528, operation keys 529, and the like. Thedisplay portion 523 of this camera includes the light-emitting device inwhich the light-emitting elements described in any of the aboveembodiments are arranged in matrix. According to one embodiment of thepresent invention disclosed, a camera having the light-emitting devicewith high emission efficiency and low power consumption is provided.

FIG. 5D illustrates a mobile phone which includes a main body 531, ahousing 532, a display portion 533, an audio input portion 534, an audiooutput portion 535, operation keys 536, an external connection port 537,an antenna 538, and the like. The display portion 533 of this mobilephone includes the light-emitting device in which the light-emittingelements described in any of the above embodiments are arranged inmatrix. According to one embodiment of the present invention disclosed,a mobile phone having the light-emitting device with high emissionefficiency and low power consumption is provided.

FIGS. 6A to 6C illustrate an example of a mobile phone having astructure different from that of the mobile phone of FIG. 5D. FIG. 6A isa front view, FIG. 6B is a rear view, and FIG. 6C is a front view inwhich two housings are slid. A mobile phone 600 has two housings, ahousing 601 and a housing 602. The mobile phone 600 is a so-called smartphone which has both functions of a mobile phone and a portableinformation terminal, and incorporates a computer and can process avariety of data processing in addition to voice calls.

The housing 601 includes a display portion 603, a speaker 604, amicrophone 605, operation keys 606, a pointing device 607, a front-facecamera lens 608, an external connection terminal jack 609, an earphoneterminal 610, and the like. The housing 602 includes a keyboard 611, anexternal memory slot 612, a rear-face camera 613, a light 614, and thelike. In addition, an antenna is incorporated in the housing 601.

Further, in addition to the above structure, the mobile phone 600 mayincorporate a non-contact IC chip, a small memory device, or the like.

The housings 601 and 602 which overlap with each other (illustrated inFIG. 6A) can be slid and are developed by being slid as illustrated inFIG. 6C. The display portion 603 includes the light-emitting device inwhich the light-emitting elements described in any of the aboveembodiments are arranged in matrix. Since the display portion 603 andthe front-face camera lens 608 are provided in the same plane, themobile phone can be used as a videophone. A still image and a movingimage can be taken by the rear camera 613 and the light 614 by using thedisplay portion 603 as a viewfinder.

With the use of the speaker 604 and the microphone 605, the mobile phone600 can be used as a sound recording device (recorder) or a soundreproducing device. With use of the operation keys 606, operation ofincoming and outgoing calls, simple information input for electronicmail or the like, scrolling of a screen displayed on the displayportion, cursor motion for selecting information displayed on thedisplay portion, and the like are possible.

If much information is needed to be treated, such as documentation, useas a portable information terminal, and the like, the use of thekeyboard 611 is convenient. Further, by sliding the housings 601 and 602which overlap with each other (see FIG. 6A), the housings 601 and 602can be spread as shown in FIG. 6C. In the case where the mobile phone600 is used as a portable information terminal, smooth operation withthe keyboard 611 and the pointing device 607 can be performed. Theexternal connection terminal jack 609 can be connected to various cablessuch as an AC adapter or a USB cable, whereby the mobile phone 600 canbe charged or can perform data communication with a personal computer orthe like. Further, by inserting a recording medium in the externalmemory slot 612, a larger amount of data can be stored and transferred.

The housing 602 is provided with the rear-face camera 613 and the light614 on the rear face (FIG. 6B), and still images and moving images canbe taken using the display portion 603 as a viewfinder.

Furthermore, in addition to the above-described functions andstructures, the mobile phone may also have an infrared communicationfunction, a USB port, a television one-segment broadcasting receivingfunction, a contactless IC chip, an earphone jack, or the like.

FIG. 7 illustrates a digital audio player as an example of an audioreproducing device. The digital audio player illustrated in FIG. 7includes a main body 710, a display portion 711, a memory portion 712,an operation portion 713, earphones 714, and the like. Note that a pairof headphones, wireless earphones, or the like can be used instead ofthe earphones 714. The display portion 711 includes the light-emittingdevice in which the light-emitting elements described in any of theabove embodiments are arranged in matrix. According to one embodiment ofthe present invention disclosed, a digital audio player having thelight-emitting device with high emission efficiency and low powerconsumption is provided.

As described above, the applicable range of the light-emitting elementor the light-emitting device which is one embodiment of the presentinvention disclosed is so wide that the present invention can be appliedto electronic devices of a variety of fields.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with theother embodiments.

Embodiment 5

In this embodiment, examples of lighting devices which include thelight-emitting element or the light-emitting device described in any ofthe above embodiments are described.

FIG. 8 illustrates a desk lamp as an example of a lighting device. Thedesk lamp illustrated in FIG. 8 has a housing 801 and a light source802. The light source 802 of the desk lamp includes the light-emittingelement or the light-emitting device described in any of the aboveembodiments. According to one embodiment of the present inventiondisclosed, a desk lamp having the light-emitting device with highemission efficiency and low power consumption is provided.

FIG. 9 illustrates an indoor lighting device 901 as an example of alighting device. The light-emitting element or the light-emitting deviceaccording to one embodiment of the present invention disclosed can beformed to have a large area and is preferably used as a lighting device.Further, since the light-emitting element or the light-emitting devicehas high emission efficiency and low power consumption, environmentalload can be reduced, which is preferable.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example in which a lighting device is used as abacklight of a liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal displaydevice includes a housing 1001, a liquid crystal panel 1002, a backlight1003, and a housing 1004. The liquid crystal panel 1002 is connected toa driver IC 1005. The backlight 1003 includes the light-emitting elementor the light-emitting device described in any of the above embodimentsand power is supplied from a terminal 1006 to the backlight 1003. Thelight-emitting element or the light-emitting device according to oneembodiment of the present invention disclosed can be easily formed tohave a large area and is preferably used as a backlight of a liquidcrystal display device. Further, since the light-emitting element or thelight-emitting device has high emission efficiency and low powerconsumption, environmental load can be reduced, which is preferable.

This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments asappropriate.

Example 1

In this example, a method for manufacturing a light-emitting elementusing an electrode including aluminum and nickel, and measurementresults of element characteristics thereof are described.

Note that FIG. 11 illustrates a structure of a light-emitting element ofthis example, and the above-described electrode including aluminum andnickel is applied to a first electrode 1101.

First, an aluminum-nickel layer including a small amount of lanthanumwas formed over a glass substrate 1100 by a sputtering method. Thethickness of the aluminum-nickel layer was 300 nm. After that, the heattreatment was performed to the above aluminum-nickel layer at 250° C.for an hour, whereby the first electrode 1101 in which the nickel wasprecipitated was formed.

In this example, in order to achieve more favorable electricalcharacteristics, etching treatment was performed on the surface of theabove first electrode 1101. For the etching treatment, dry etchingtreatment was performed twice under different conditions from eachother. For both of the first dry etching treatment and the second dryetching treatment, an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) etching methodwas used. Here, the first dry etching treatment was performed underconditions with the pressure in treatment atmosphere of 1.9 Pa, the RFelectric power of 450 W as the input electrical power to a coiledelectrode (13.56 MHz), the RF electric power of 100 W as the inputelectrical power to an electrode on a substrate side (13.56 MHz), anetching gas of BC1₃ and C1₂ (a gas flow rate of BC1₃: 70 sccm, a gasflow rate of C1₂: 10 sccm). Treatment time was set to 3 seconds. Here,the second dry etching treatment was performed under conditions with thepressure in treatment atmosphere of 2.0 Pa, the RF electric power of 500W as the input electrical power to a coiled electrode (13.56 MHz), theRF electric power of 50 W as the input electrical power to an electrodeon a substrate side (13.56 MHz), an etching gas of CF₄ (a gas flow rateof CF₄: 80 sccm). Treatment time was set to 15 seconds.

Next, an EL layer 1102 in which a plurality of layers were stacked wasformed over the first electrode 1101. In this example, the EL layer 1102has a structure in which a first layer 1111 including a compositematerial, a second layer 1112 which is a hole-transport layer, the thirdlayer 1113 which is a light-emitting layer, a fourth layer 1114 which isan electron-transport layer, and a fifth layer 1115 which is anelectron-injection layer are stacked in that order.

The substrate 1100 provided with the first electrode 1101 was fixed on asubstrate holder that was provided in a vacuum evaporation apparatus sothat a surface provided with the first electrode 1101 faced downward.The pressure in the vacuum evaporation apparatus was reduced toapproximately 10⁻⁴ Pa. Then, on the first electrode 1101,9-phenyl-3-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol (abbreviation:PCzPA) and molybdenum(VI) oxide were co-evaporated to form the firstlayer 1111 including a composite material. In this example, the weightratio of PCzPA to molybdenum(VI) oxide was adjusted in deposition to be1:1 (=PCzPA:molybdenum(VI) oxide) so that a 5-nm-thick film was formed.After that, the weight ratio of PCzPA to molybdenum(VI) oxide wasadjusted in deposition to be 2:0.222 (=PCzPA:molybdenum(VI) oxide) sothat a 120-nm-thick film was formed. Here, a co-evaporation method is anevaporation method by which evaporation is carried out from a pluralityof evaporation sources at the same time within one process chamber.

Next, a 10-nm-thick film of4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB) was deposited overthe first layer 1111 by an evaporation method using resistive heating toform the second layer 1112 which was a hole-transport layer.

Next, the third layer 1113 which was the light-emitting layer was formedover the second layer 1112. Here, a 30-nm-thick film of4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine(abbreviation: PCBAPA) was deposited over the the second layer 1112 byan evaporation method. Then, a 30-nm-thick film of9-[4-(N-carbazolyl)]phenyl-10-phenylanthracene (abbreviation: CzPA) and4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine(abbreviation: PCBAPA) was deposited by a co-evaporation method. Theweight ratio of CzPA to PCBAPA was adjusted in co-evaporation to be1:0.1 (=CzPA:PCBAPA).

Furthermore, over the third layer 1113, a 10-nm-thick film oftris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Alq) and, thereon, a15-nm-thick film of bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen) weredeposited by an evaporation method using resistance heating to form thefourth layer 1114 which was an electron-transport layer.

Moreover, over the fourth layer 1114, a 1-nm-thick film of lithiumfluoride (LiF) was deposited to form the fifth layer 1115 which was anelectron-injection layer.

Finally, a-10-nm-thick film of magnesium-silver alloy (Mg—Ag) (a mixturematerial of Mg and Ag; the ratio of Mg to Ag=1:10 (Mg:Ag)) and a50-nm-thick film of ITO were deposited to form the second electrode1103.

The thus obtained light-emitting element was sealed in a glove boxcontaining a nitrogen atmosphere so as not to be exposed to air. Then,operation characteristics of this light-emitting element were measured.Note that the measurements were carried out at room temperature (25°C.).

FIG. 12 shows an emission spectrum when a current of 1 mA flows to thelight-emitting element. In FIG. 12, the vertical axis indicates theintensity (arbitrary unit) and the horizontal axis indicates thewavelength (nm). As shown in FIG. 12, the manufactured light-emittingelement exhibited blue light emission derived from PCBAPA in thelight-emitting layer. Note that CIF color coordinate of thelight-emitting device at a voltage of 6.6 V was as follows: x is 0.1330,y is 0.1432.

Current density-luminance characteristics, voltage-luminancecharacteristics, luminance-current efficiency characteristics, andvoltage-current characteristics of the light-emitting element are shownin FIGS. 13, 14, 15 and 16, respectively. In FIG. 13, the vertical axisrepresents luminance (cd/m²) and the horizontal axis represents currentdensity (mA/cm²). In FIG. 14, the vertical axis represents luminance(cd/m²) and the horizontal axis represents voltage (V). In FIG. 15, thevertical axis represents current efficiency (cd/A) and the horizontalaxis represents luminance (cd/m²). In FIG. 16, the vertical axisrepresents current (mA) and the horizontal axis represents voltage (V).The current efficiency of the light-emitting element was 6.6 (cd/A) andthe power efficiency was 3.1 (1 m/W).

As described above, according to one embodiment of the present inventiondisclosed, it was confirmed that a light-emitting element havingexcellent characteristics could be manufactured.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2009-252234 filed with Japan Patent Office on Nov. 2, 2009, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

1-6. (canceled)
 7. A light-emitting element comprising: a firstelectrode including aluminum and nickel over a substrate; a layerincluding a composite material in which a metal oxide is contained in anorganic compound, which is contact with the first electrode; alight-emitting layer over the layer including the composite material;and a second electrode which has a light-transmitting property over thelight-emitting layer.
 8. The light-emitting element, according to claim7, wherein the first electrode has a structure in which the nickel isprecipitated locally.
 9. The light-emitting element, according to claim7, wherein the first electrode is formed to include the nickel equal toor greater than 0.1 atomic % and equal to or less than 4.0 atomic %. 10.The light-emitting element, according to claim 7, wherein the firstelectrode has a light reflectivity of 80% or more with a wavelength ofequal to or greater than 400 nm and equal to or less than 800 nm. 11.The light-emitting element, according to claim 7, wherein an opticallyresonant structure is provided with the first electrode and the secondelectrode.
 12. The light-emitting element, according to claim 7, whereina layer including a substance having a high hole-injection property or asubstance having a high hole-transport property is formed between thelayer including the composite material and the light-emitting layer. 13.The light-emitting element, according to claim 7, wherein a layerincluding a substance having a high electron-injection property or asubstance having a high electron-transport property is formed betweenthe light-emitting layer and the second electrode.
 14. A light-emittingdevice having the light-emitting element according to claim
 7. 15. Alighting device having the light-emitting element according to claims 7.16. An electronic appliances having the light-emitting element accordingto claim 7.